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I grew up in the northeast US in an ethnic neighborhood that was predominately Italian and chock full of “the Old Ways.” One of my most outstanding memories was of the neighborhood Strega or witch. As a matter of fact she was the grandmother of family friend. In the Italian community, she was quite revered and depended upon as a counselor as well as the dispenser of useful magick both black and white. I can remember that just about everyone in that community consulted her about everything from love to physical ailments to money to curse removal. A few of the more contemporary neighborhood thinkers wrote most of this off as superstitious nonsense. Yet it was all around me and a way of life. There was no way to ignore it since it was a daily part of the neighborhood buzz and gossip. Of course being just a kid I thought her methodology was just plain weird as I would see her doing some things that I thought at the time were very bizarre from burying “holy” religious  statues in the ground under the moonlight to procuring mystery charm bags of strange smelling herbs and spices that were kept faithfully by doorways and other special places. I had even been the accidental recipient of a basin of an oil and water test for the Malocchio (Evil Eye) which rained down on my head after being dumped over the second floor porch railing as I sat on the first floor front steps of our old apartment building. Here is a Malocchio vid! Laugh if you like but it works!

 If a person received the Malocchio also known as "overlook" he or she might suddenly and unexplicably become ill usually with a severe headache centered between the eyes and the forehead and terrible fatigue that prevented engagement in daily routine. The cure is as follows:

 1. Place three drops of olive oil, one upon the other, in a bowl of water. If the drops remain together, the illness is natural. If the drops separate or smear across the surface of the water, the Malocchio is present! This seemed to be a daily occurrence in my neighborhood.

 2. To break the spell, two sewing needles were needed. One needle tip was inserted into the eye of the other needle as the following was said:

"Occhi e contro i perticelli agli occhi." (Eyes against eyes and the holes of the eyes, envy cracks and eyes burst.)

 3. The needles were then dropped into the water on top of the oil drops. Next, three pinches of salt were sprinkled into the water. A pair of scissors is jabbed into the water three times through the oil drops. The scissors are removed from the water and the air above the bowl is "cut" three times. The spell is broken.

 I remember there were two charms that were believed to prevent the Malocchio, one of which became popular back in the 70s which was a golden horn or a golden hand making the horned signal. Both were often seen worn around the neck or sported proudly as a key ring. But the pièce de résistance was the Camaruta or Cima di Ruta. Cimaruta means “sprig of rue” and the branches of the charm are the branches/blossoms of the rue plant. From the rue branches at each end is a sprout and out of the sprout comes forth symbols such as a key, dagger, blossom, and moon. All Cimaruta are different according to region of origin, and the symbols vary. Some of the variations include: a rose, a hand holding a wand or sword, a flaming heart, a fish, a crescent moon, a snake, an owl, a plumed Medieval helmet, a Vervain flower blossom, a dolphin, a cock, and an eagle. The Cimaruta is traditionally made of silver, and often are double-sided. In folkloric practices the Cimaruta was often placed above the beds of infants, as protection against the "mal'occhio" or evil eye. These charms are fairly large, some almost 4 inches across. They can be worn around the neck and also be hung above any door, on the wall, etc. This type of jewelry is rare and can be very difficult to find.

What really used to tickle me about our neighborhood Strega was the fact that some of the men in the community literally feared this woman and to be quite honest, she was very scary looking right down to the long black dress with the high button collar she always wore to the oil lantern she carried while out and about at night. Yet even as a young child, I always thought that her goal was only to help others despite the fact had my doubts that her skills even worked at all ... until my own mother asked her to get rid of a wart that had popped up on my hand. Needless to say – the old strega worked her magick and that wart was gone in a few days without her even touching me or so much as looking at me. Made a believer out of me and left me with much curiosity about just how this whole world of the strega worked. Besides within my “mutt” blended genetics I am part Italian so what could be more apropos?

In my research meanderings, it became clear rather quickly that most contemporary writers seem to be unfamiliar with Mediterranean paganism, the Old Religion of Italy and classical witchcraft as it was practiced in ancient Roman times. The more popular focus is on Celtic foundations causing a bypass of the contributions of southern Europe. So let's start with a little bit of background:

 Italian of course is a Latin language that uses gender in its word and sentence structure so a female witch is called Strega and a male witch a Stregone.  The witches who are practitioners of high magick preferred to be called Maga (female) and Mago (male). The word witchcraft is Stregheria.Witches of the old school and old ways can still be found in Italy today in nearly every village or city. They are great revealers of the old tales of the Lasa (an Italian Elven Race) and of sacred forces behind Nature. The fourteenth century brought about the Church's persecution of witches by in Italy though the focus seemed to be more upon groups and coven than the lone village witch since duties incorporated healing as there was often no medical doctor available and counseling.

 Geographically, the witches of central Italy worshiped the goddess Diana and her consort, the god Dianus in the ruins of the sanctuary of Diana at Lake Nemi outside of Rome in the Alban Hills. During the Middle Ages, the site of a sacred walnut tree in the city of Benevento was used to worship the forces of nature personified as gods and goddesses. In northern Italy, in the region of Tuscany descendants of ancient Etruscans still live and preserve the Craft that has been handed down to them through countless generations. The myths of Tuscan Witchcraft concern the old Etruscan gods and the magick and the ceremonies connected to them concern basic Pagan simplicity with very little resemblance to modern practices. One of the more interesting facets of the Tuscan Craft is that the legacy must be passed on to at least one person before a practitioner dies. To fail to do this causes consequences with proper advancement in future lives for a witch is reborn many times growing more powerful with each incarnation.

 The magickal focus of the Tuscan witches was mainly on spells, natural objects and omens. Tremendous usage of amulets, charm bags, talismans, and of course plenty of divination and incantations occurred. It must be recognized that Italian Witchcraft like all other types of Witchcraft  is rooted in early human development where the "ancestors" believed that a "consciousness" or "spirit" was within ALL things. In Italy this was known as Numen. Since it was the Numen that gave power to all forms in Nature, along with elemental spirits, objects also took on great importance. Ritual circles were seldom used for casting magick or spells and the preference was for "a large flat rock in a field" which was used as a type of altar for power objects. The primary tool of a Tuscan witch was her wand which would be passed over these objects with ritual gestures followed by metered tonal chanting. The traditional deities of the Tuscan Witches are the god Tagni and the goddess Uni who rule over a hierarchy of spirits who exert influence over the Earth. The old religion upheld by the Tuscans relates that the Universe ruled by these deities is comprised of sixteen houses with four of these houses in each of the four quarters...

 In the North dwelled the gods of destiny -

In the East dwelled the major gods - 

In the South dwelled the astral entities - 

In the West dwelled the beings of the Underworld -  

Elemental beings called Pala rule the North quarter (considered a place of great power), Air spirits called Bellarie rule the East quarter, Fire spirits called Settiano rule the South quarter and Water spirits called Manii rule the West quarter, along with the Lasa who are spirits connected to the Underworld. These beings are highly important since it is believed that through their interaction vegetation flourishes, the rains fall and the life cycle continues. They are in fact the inner forces of Nature. Some of the other prominent spirits are: Teramo, a messenger spirit; Losna, the spirit of the Moon; Turunna, who governs affairs of the heart; the Fauni and Silvani, spirits of the woods, the Monachetto, gnome-like spirits and the Linchetto who are Elven spirits. These spirits and deities are evoked for a multitude of purposes including cures, rites for attracting love, rites for banishing evil, and acts for "assuring comfort." They are still a part of mundane life in Tuscany more so than in other Craft regions. As with all Crafts, the basic elemental forces are revered and living entities are associated with the magickal properties of the elements.

There are many types of different spirits in Italian folklore.  Almost all Strega believe in the Lare (known earlier as the Lasa) who protect the homes and family and preserve the bloodline of the Strega. Lare shrines are often seen set up in the east or west part of the home. The Folletto also known as Basadone (woman kissers)  are travellers of the wind and a mischievous lot who take particular interest in sexual situations. The Linchetto, a race of night elves are said to cause nightmares, the Fata are gentle and kind shape-shifters who test human kindness and reward it and the Lauru, another mischievous lot who when treated with respect will reveal "treasure" or even winning lottery numbers.

 During the Middle Ages, Italian witchcraft was influenced by Hebrew mysticism (also undergoing persecution) and beginning with the eighteenth century also influenced by Masonary. By the nineteenth century many witches in Italy were Masons and the Masonic influence can be seen in some Strega symbols and rituals. During the 1920s, the infamous Aleister Crowley visited Italy and studied with Italian witches and occultists. In the 1930s, occultist Gerald Gardner learned of Italian witchcraft possibly from Crowley and later spent time investigating the Roman Mystery Cult of Pompeii. Much of what Gardner learned and borrowed from Italian witchcraft is now erroneously attributed to his own original writings.

 The most famous Italian witch was a fourteenth century wise woman who called herself Aradia. She is responsible for bringing about the revival of an "old religion" - Le Vecchia Religione.

Many Italian witches believe in the historical existence of a woman named Aradia, who brought about a revival of Italian Witchcraft although there is no solid historic proof of her existence has ever been made known to the public. She is often called the Holy Strega or The Beautiful Pilgrim. In the oral traditions surrounding Aradia, residing in the Old Religion of Italy, it is said that she lived and taught during the later half of the 14th century.

 According to legend, Aradia was allegedly born in 1313 in northern Italy, in the town of Volterra. She was taught the Old Ways by her aunt and later decided to return the ancient Pagan heritage to the oppressed peasants of Italy. It is said that she would take long walks through the Alban Hill area near Lake Nemi and it was there that she experienced a vision that shaped he course of her life. It is said she heard a voice that told her she was fulfill a quest that would require that she challenge the established order of things in order to provide hope for all those who were enslaved by the wealthy upper class nobility. She gathered a small band of followers and went about the countryside teaching and preaching the Old Religion of Italy. Aradia instructed Italian witches to be naked during rituals and to be sexual with one another as earthy passions strengthen Stregherian rites. Aradia spoke of an Age of Reason that would come, and which would replace the Age of the Son. She stressed the seeking of inner and outer balance and the equality of the masculine and feminine. She challenged the authority of the Church and the so-called rights of nobility to oppress the peasants. She suffered humiliation and torture at the hands of her captors yet never lost sight of her quest. When imprisoned, she used her sexual prowess over men to secure her escape ... never once allowing herself to be a victim. When she departed, Aradia requested that a meal be held in her honor when the Moon was full with gratitude to the goddess Diana, and that she be remembered by future generations. ALL women are daughters of Aradia and her spirit lives on in them.

In Italy, the word Sabbat is not used for seasonal rites. The Italian word is Treguenda whjich has its root in the word Tregua meaning "respite" of "truce." The contemporary Italian word Triguenda means "quarterly" so its easy to see the relationship between Sabbat and Treguenda as periods of rest. There are eight Treguendas - four are major and four are minor. The major rites occur in October, February, May and August. The minor rites occur on the Spring and Autumn Equinox and the Summer and Winter Solstice. They are all Earth Festivals that are seasonally agricultural in nature. Many people believe ritual observance of these times are Celtic in origin however, these observances were observed in ancient Roman times in southern Europe.

 La Festa dell' Ombra - Shadow Fest: October 31 ...  A celebration of Pro-Creation

La Fest dell' Inverno - Winter Solstice: December 21/22 ... The birth of the Sun god from the Union in Shadow Fest. A celebration of light, hope and promise.

Festa di Lupercus -Lupercus: Februray 2 ... Celebration of purification and the beginning of fertility. The puberty of the Sun god.

Equinozio della Primavera - Spring Equinox: March 21/22 ... Celebration of the ascent of the goddess from the Underworld Realm of Shadows and awakening fertility.

La Giornata di Tana - Tana's Day: May 1 ... Celebration of the return of the goddess to the world and of life and the fullness of fertility.

La Fests dell' Estate - Summer Solstice: June 21/22 ...Marriage of the god and goddess and a celebration of life and growth.

La Festa di Cornucopia - Cornucopia: August Eve ... Celebration of plenty and harvest. The god is preparing to sacrifice himself for the world to continue.

Equinozio di Autunno - Autumn Equinox: September 21/22 ... Celebration of Harvest. The god dies and departs to the Underworld and the goddess descends to seek her lost lover.

Many similarities can be drawn between Stregheria and other Pagan rites, tools and seasonal/celebration dates. I have barely scratched the surface here but hope I have sparked some interest. If I had it to do all over again, I definitely would have asked more questions and maybe would have even taken a few magick lessons from our old neighborhood Strega ... yet I guess it is never too late to show some appreciation to what has gone before!

Bright blessings - meet you under the Full Moon!